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第11章【持有对象】 -好记性不如烂笔头 ThinkinginJava

Apple类与Orange类除了都是Object外没有任何共性,ArrayList保存的是Object,因此我们不但可以通过add()方法将Apple对象放入这个容器,还可以放Orange对象。

当使用get()方法获取ArrayList中的对象时,你认为你取出的是想要的Apple对象,实际上得到只是Object引用,必须将其强制转型为Apple对象才能调用Apple类的方法及属性。

如果一个类没有显示地声明继承自哪个类,那么它自动地继承Object

example:

//: holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics.java
// Simple container example (produces compiler warnings).
// {ThrowsException}
import java.util.*;

class Apple {
  private static long counter;
  private final long id = counter++;
  public long id() { return id; }
}

class Orange {}	

public class ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics {
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ArrayList apples = new ArrayList();
    for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
      apples.add(new Apple());
    // Not prevented from adding an Orange to apples:
    apples.add(new Orange());
    for(int i = 0; i < apples.size(); i++)
      // 强制转型为Apple,否则Object类并没有id()方法
      ((Apple)apples.get(i)).id();
      // Orange is detected only at run time
  }


定义用来保存Apple对象的ArrayList,可以预定义声明ArrayList<Apple>

尖括号括起来的是类型参数,指定了这个容器实例可以保存的类型,通过使用泛型,可以在编译期防止将错误类型的对象放置到容器中。

example:

//: holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics.java
import java.util.*;

public class ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ArrayList<Apple> apples = new ArrayList<Apple>();
    for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
      apples.add(new Apple());
    // Compile-time error:
    // apples.add(new Orange());
    for(int i = 0; i < apples.size(); i++)
      // 此时不需要强制转型
      System.out.println(apples.get(i).id());
    // Using foreach:
    for(Apple c : apples)
      System.out.println(c.id());
  }
} /* Output:
0
1
2
0
1
2
*///:~


List

List承诺可以将元素维护在特定的序列中

  • 基本的ArrayList:用于随机访问元素,但是在List中间插入和移除元素时较慢
  • LinkedList:通过较低代价在List中间进行插入和删除操作,但随机访问较慢

Collections.shuffle()方法

  • Collections的静态方法,按照某随机源,随机打乱对象顺序,置换可能性相等

retainAll()方法

  • x.retainAll(y) 取x与y的交集保留在x中,所产生的行为依赖于equals()方法

subList()方法

  • 所产生的列表就是来自初始列表,任何子串的变化都会返回初始列表
  • “子串永远是字串”
//: holding/ListFeatures.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

public class ListFeatures {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Random rand = new Random(47);
    List<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(7);
    print("1: " + pets);
    Hamster h = new Hamster();
    pets.add(h); // Automatically resizes
    print("2: " + pets);
    print("3: " + pets.contains(h));
    pets.remove(h); // Remove by object
    Pet p = pets.get(2);
    print("4: " +  p + " " + pets.indexOf(p));
    Pet cymric = new Cymric();
    print("5: " + pets.indexOf(cymric));
    print("6: " + pets.remove(cymric));
    // Must be the exact object:
    print("7: " + pets.remove(p));
    print("8: " + pets);
    pets.add(3, new Mouse()); // Insert at an index
    print("9: " + pets);
    List<Pet> sub = pets.subList(1, 4);
    print("subList: " + sub);
    print("10: " + pets.containsAll(sub));
    Collections.sort(sub); // In-place sort
    print("sorted subList: " + sub);
    // Order is not important in containsAll():
    print("11: " + pets.containsAll(sub));
    Collections.shuffle(sub, rand); // Mix it up
    print("shuffled subList: " + sub);
    print("12: " + pets.containsAll(sub));
    List<Pet> copy = new ArrayList<Pet>(pets);
    sub = Arrays.asList(pets.get(1), pets.get(4));
    print("sub: " + sub);
    copy.retainAll(sub);
    print("13: " + copy);
    copy = new ArrayList<Pet>(pets); // Get a fresh copy
    copy.remove(2); // Remove by index
    print("14: " + copy);
    copy.removeAll(sub); // Only removes exact objects
    print("15: " + copy);
    copy.set(1, new Mouse()); // Replace an element
    print("16: " + copy);
    copy.addAll(2, sub); // Insert a list in the middle
    print("17: " + copy);
    print("18: " + pets.isEmpty());
    pets.clear(); // Remove all elements
    print("19: " + pets);
    print("20: " + pets.isEmpty());
    pets.addAll(Pets.arrayList(4));
    print("21: " + pets);
    Object[] o = pets.toArray();
    print("22: " + o[3]);
    Pet[] pa = pets.toArray(new Pet[0]);
    print("23: " + pa[3].id());
  }
} /* Output:
1: [Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
2: [Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug, Hamster]
3: true
4: Cymric 2
5: -1
6: false
7: true
8: [Rat, Manx, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
9: [Rat, Manx, Mutt, Mouse, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
subList: [Manx, Mutt, Mouse]
10: true
sorted subList: [Manx, Mouse, Mutt]
11: true
shuffled subList: [Mouse, Manx, Mutt]
12: true
sub: [Mouse, Pug]
13: [Mouse, Pug]
14: [Rat, Mouse, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
15: [Rat, Mutt, Cymric, Pug]
16: [Rat, Mouse, Cymric, Pug]
17: [Rat, Mouse, Mouse, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
18: false
19: []
20: true
21: [Manx, Cymric, Rat, EgyptianMau]
22: EgyptianMau
23: 14
*///:~

Refer

《Java编程思想 第4版》

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